Integrated Pest and Disease Management(IPM)

INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT(IPM):

Integrated Pest management (IPM) means the suitable combination of all the preventive , cultural , mechanical and biological methods for minimizing infestation of pest below the economic injury level. It favours greater use of all eco-friendly practices like natural pesticides, beneficial insects , birds and special cultivation practices.

Pest management is being done by adopting following methods:

1) Use of cultural methods .

2) Use of mechanical mechanical methods.

3) Use of bio control agents and biopesticides

4) Use of Organically acceptable chemicals.

1) Cultural or agronomic practices :

A) Sanitation:

It includes removal or destruction of diseased plants or pruning infested parts.

B) Tillage: 

Deep ploughing in summer kills the pests , mainly due to exposure or debris destruction.

Summer tillage destroys wheat streak virus reservoirs.

C) Application of Manures and Soil Ammendments :

Use of chopped shoots , straw , saw dust , animal manure , cakes have resulted in significant reduction in nematodes population.

In India , oil cakes of linseed. , mustard , peanut , castor bean , mahuva and Neem have proved effective for nematode control in a variety of crops.

D)Habitat diversification:

1) Crop Rotation:

Rotation of pest host and Non- host crops helps in control of soil borne pests , disease and feeding insects.

2) Trap Crop :

Trap crops are those crops , grown between the main crop to attract the harmful insect and insect attacking trap can be killed by various method.

For e.g. Cotton Boll worm is a insect pest of cotton lays down it's eggs on maize crop , thus when a few rows of maize are sown in the cotton field, the eggs are laid on maize  , which can be destroyed.

Trap crops can also be used for trapping various nematodes.

3) Intercropping:

Lower incidence of insect pests were found on legumes Intercropped with maize .

Intercrops of clover , spinach , beans and tomato reduced the incidence of Brevicoryne brassicae and Plutella xylostella in cabbage 

4) Strip cropping: Intervening strip of non - suitable crop prevent movement of insect pest from one strip of a crop to another.

5) Use of Resistant Varieties and Agronomic Manipulations:

 Use of Resistant Varieties with appropriate manipulation of sowing , planting and harvesting dates can help in escaping the pest and disease incidence 

6) Water management: 

Scab of potato is suppressed by irrigating potato at the time of tuber formation.

Overhead sprinkler irrigation in potato effectively controlled potato moth.

2. Mechanical Control:

1) Removal of affected plants or plant parts

2) Collection & Destruction of egg masses and larvae :

Collect the egg masses and larvae from the field and destroy them to minimize the pest load 

3) Installation of Bird Perches:

Install dried twigs 

Install dried twigs in the field above the crop height to provide shelter to the birds. During rest, birds predate larvae or moth a available on crop.

4)Use of light traps: 

Light trap are widely used. These light trap are used immediately after the emergence of moths , before they lay the eggs 

5) Pheromones:

Pheromone are exocrine secretions of insects which are used for communication among different individuals of the species .

A) Sex Pheromone: It brings together opposite sexes for mating

B) Aggregation pheromone: 

It attracts both sexes generally fir feeding on a food source for mating 

C) Alarm pheromone: This pheromone alert other individuals to some source of danger.

D) Trail pheromone: It mark a trail laid by pioneering individuals towards a source of food . Other individuals follow it to reach the source.

E) Social Pheromone: It govern interaction among organized societies.

6) Use of sticky y coloured plates and other physical traps : 

Different species of insect are attracted by diff colour.The results indicated that yellow plastic plates coated with insecticide were effective in controlling leaf miner 

3) Use of bio control agents and biopesticides ( Biological control):

There are several insects and biocontrol agents which do not destroy the crop but rather Destroy the insect pests .

Conservation of these naturally occurring farmer's friends or multiplying them in the laboratory and release in the fields is called biological control.

✍️Agricoss Vaishnavi Nimkar

(Gunji, Dhmangaon Railway)

Mob.No: 7666441799