Cutting, Layering , Grafting, Budding

Cutting 

Cutting is a detachaged portion of plant which produces new plant

Advantages of Cutting:

A) It does not require special technique as in budding and grafting

B) There is no problem of complex stock scion relationship like in grafting and budding because in cutting plants grow on its own root system 

C) It is the most important method of Propagation in ornamental shrubs and deciduous plants

D) It is rapid and simple

E) The genetic make up of new plant is true to type i.e. similar to the mother plant

Disadvantages/Limitations:

1) Certain fruit plants have difficulty in rooting 

2) Success differs largely according to plant species and season 

3) Possibility of mutation

TYPES OF CUTTING:

 1)Root Cutting 

2) Stem cutting

A) Herbaceous cutting

B)Soft wood cutting

C) Semi hardwood cutting

D) Hard wood cutting 

3) Leaf Cutting 

1) Root Cutting:

✓It is simple and cheap method in which root of 1 cm thick and 10-15 cm long is cut 

The best time is late winter or early spring when roots have sufficient stored food material

b)Stem cuttings :

A) Herbaceous cuttings :

Such cutting are made from terminal leafy portions of herbaceous plants and are usually soft , tender or succulent

e.g. Chrysanthemum, Dahalia, coleus , Geranium, sweet potato

Such cuttings are usually 7-15 cm long with few leaves in upper portion to get sunlight to manufacture food but bottom leaves are removed

2) Soft wood cutting:

Such cutting are made from soft , succulent and non lignified new growth of some woody plants 

3) Semi hardwood cutting:

Such cuttings are made from partial matured slightly woody shoots and are mostly used in evergreen fruit plants like mango 🥭, guava , lemon 🍋, jackfruit

At the time of planting , 1/4 th cutting should be inserted in the soil.

4) Hard wood cuttings:

Such cuttings are made from mature , and lignified stem . Usually one year old shoots are preferred.

All the leaves should be removed

Straight cut - is given at top in order to minimise Transpiration loss

Slant cut- Should be given at the base to expose more area for absorption of water and nutrients

C) Leaf Cuttings:

Certain plants with thick and fleshy leafs are reproduced from leaf cuttings 

e. g. Bryophyllum , Begonia 

Rooting media :

Se varal media such as sand , soil, vermiculite , peat moss may be used either single or mixture for rooting 

IBA (Indol butryic acid) may also be used as root promoting growth regulator

LAYERING:

Layering is the method of asexual reproduction in which adventitious roots are caused to form on a stem while it is still attached to the parent plant and the practice based on this phenomenon is known as layerage

Advantage:

1) Layering does not require close attention regarding the control of watering , humidity , and temperature as in cuttings because the parent plant supplies the new individual with water , food and hormones until it makes its own food and hormones.

2) Comparatively bigger plant could be obtained

3) Many plants produce natural layers like Raspberry

4) It is possible to avoid magnetic effects

Disadvantages:

1) It is difficult to produce large number of plants through layering I. e. not economical 

2) This Method is short but time consuming

3) It is limited to plants which form growing points readily

Types of layering:

A) Simple layering 

B) Tip Layering

C) Serpentine or compound layering

D) Mound ( Stool) layering

E) Trench layering

F) Air layering or marcotting or marcottage or pot layering or gootee 

A)Simple layering

• It is the easiest and most efficient method of layering , practiced in guava , Jasmine , lemon , ornamental creepers .

• for making simple layers rapidly growing shoots are selected and side branches and leaves for 10-23 cm behind the tip are trimmed off

• Then the shoot is bent down to the ground level and covered with 5-7 cm soil leaving the tip portion exposed 

• In most cases rooting is complete within 4-8 weeks 

• The rooted layer is detached and planted in nursery or in a pot 

After 1 year it is ready for transplanting in the main field

2) Tip Layering:

This is practiced in such plants which have trailing type of shoots like blackberries , raspberries. The tip of the current season's shoot is bent downward and covered with soil

3) Serpentine/ Compound layering: 

•Similar to simple layering but several layers are made from a single stem .

• This Method works well for plants producing vine like grwoth like grapes ,, heart leaf , philodendron

4) Mound / Stool layering:

During the dormant season i.e. spring the basal portion of newly developing shoot is covered with an mound of soil 

e.g. apple , pear , peach , plum , gooseberry

5) Trench layering/ Etiolation layering:

The parent plant is planted at angle 30-40 ° so new shoots can be pegged down in shallow trenches and covered with soil. It is primarily used for fruit stock e.g. spira , climbing rose

6) Air layering/ Gootee / Marcottage:

Roots are formed in the aerial part of the plant where stem has been girdled and the injured portion is enclosed with a rooting medium 

This method is the most successful in region of high humidity or green houses 

e.g. litchi , Rubber , Guava , Jackfruit , lemon 

Grafting: 

Grafting is an art of insertion of scion into the stem of the root stock in such a way that union takes place and the combination continues to grow 

Scion :

Is short piece of detached shoot containing several dormant buds and when United with the stock comprises the upper portion of the graft from which stem or branch or both are grown.

Rootstock/ Understock/ Stock:

Is the lower portion of the graft which develops into the root system of the grafted plant 

Intermediate stock or interstock : is a piece of stem insertedby means of two graft unions between stock and scion

Advantages:

1)It is very useful for those that can not be multiplied by other Vegetative means

Rangpur lime is used as root stock in citrus to be free from Tristeza virus 

2) Growing of several varieties and colours of flowers or fruits on the same plant is possible

3) Unproductive or rarely bearing trees or bearing poor quality fruits can be changed to superior quality by top grafting

4) Very useful for reparing the damaged trunk of tree

5) Grafting is a means of hastening new varieties into bearing I .e. flowering or fruiting

Disadvantages:

A)It is difficult in case of incompatibility between root stock and scion 

B) Grafting is limited to plants which have a continuous cambium lije in dicot

Condition for Successful grafting:

1) The stock and scion must be compatible

2) After completion of Grafting operation, all cut surfaces must be carefully protected from desication

3) Cut must be uniform and smooth.

Callus : 

Is the irregular mass of parenchyma cells which arises from young cells in the region of vascular combium .

Methods of grafting:

A) Splice grafting 

B) Cleft or wedge grafting 

C) Bark grafting

D) Side grafting 

E) Veneer Grafting

F) Whip or Tongue grafting

G) Approach or Inarching grafting

H) Bridge or Repair Grafting

I) Top grafting

J)Saddle Grafting

K) Double grafting

L) Stone or epicotyl Grafting

A) Splice grafting:

✓It is one of the easiest and simplest method of grafting and suitable when the rootstock and scion are in equal thickness

✓ A slanting cut of about 3-5 cm long is made on the stock and in the scion 

✓ These two cut surfaces are then placed together tightly with polythene strip or string or grafting tag 

✓ When union is complete (3-4 weeks) , the polythene strip or tag or string is removed 

e.g. Apple , pear , cherry 

2) Cleft or wedge grafting:

✓It is one of the oldest method of grafting and widely used especially for top working of tree 

✓The main stem of the stock is firstly shaved of in the right angle and then a vertical split off about 5-7 long is given down in the centre of the stem. Scion is prepared by cutting in the shape of wedge

C) Bark grafting:

It is generally done when the bark slips readily .i e. In the spring when the dormancy breaks and the plant grows actively 

D) Side grafting:

The sude wedge grafting is the simplest and the most effective method

E) Veneer Grafting:

It is form of side grafting 

✓ The scion is defoliated and a slanting cut of 5 cm long is given on one side and a very small wedge cut on the other side 

✓ A 5 cm slopping cut is made on stock followed by a horizontal cut taking out bark and some wood and then scion is placed and tied together

✓ It is commercially practiced in .ango

Saddle grafting:

The stock and scion should be nearly equal diameter to permit good cambial contact 

Stone or epicotyl Grafting:

It is one of latest method 

A horizontal cut is made on the stock 3-5 cm above the ground and then a vertical cut is made about 2-4 cm deep 

Budding:

Budding is the operation of inserting a vegetative bud and a small section of bark with or without wood into a seedling or mature tree in such a way that bud unite with stock and continue their growth 

Scion bud : is a detached piece of a vegetative bud and a small section of bark with or without wood from a desirable variety

Method:

1)  T - budding / Shield budding

2) Inverted T- budding

3) Patch budding

4) Ring budding

5) Forkert budding

6) Modified Forkert budding

7) Chip budding

1) T - budding/ Shield budding:

✓It is popular method of budding and commonly practiced in rose and orange 

✓T- shaped incision is made through the bark 

✓ The two flaps of the bark are loosened with the help of budding knife 

✓ The bud is then slipped into T- cut on the stock and tied together leaving the bud exposed

2) Inverted T- budding:

The position of bud should not be reversed but incision is reversed of the T .

It is practiced during rainy season 

3) Patch budding:

 ✓The bark containing the bud is cut out in a rectangular form . The bark of the stock is also removed in a rectangular form of the same size as that of the patch of the bud 

✓ The bud scion is placed on this rectangular space of the stock and tied immediately

e.g. Aonla , citrus , chestnut , Commercially in Aonla

4) Ring budding:

A complete ring of bark about 1-2.5 cm long containing a bud is loosened and cut from scion wood or bud stick 

e.g. Ber

Modified Forkert budding: Half portion of the bark of the stock is removed 

✍️Agricos

Vaishnavi Nimkar 🌾🌱

Love of my life Agriculture❤️