Extension Education

Introduction:

1. Extension= Ex+ tensis ( Latin word)

Ex - Out 

tensis- Stretching 

2. Education:

 Production of desirable changes in human behaviour through gaining desirable knowledge, Attitude and Mental and Manual skill , is called Education.

Thus Ext.Education is the type of education which is stretched out the villages and field beyond the limits of schools and colleges to which the formal type of education is normally confined to it.

3) The word ' Extension' was used first time in USA.

4) Extension Activity was started first time in USA.

5) First extension work was done in 1785 in Philadelphia state of USA 

6) In 1862 , Morril Land Grant Act was passed in USA and signed by the president Lincon.

The objective of this act was " All the agricultural Institutes would pass on their innovations to rural people ".

7) In 1885 , the concept of demonstration was given by Dr. Seeman A.Knapp .He generated a new variety and demonstrated on one million acre farm in Lausannia . Therefore he is known as father of method demonstration.

8) On the basis of American pattern i.e. Land Grant college pattern the first agricultural University at Pant Nagar was established India 

Study of Extension' education as a course study first time started at Sabour ( Bhagalpur) in Bihar in 1956.

Agricultural Extension Education:

Def: 

Extension Education is an applied behavioural science to bring about desirable change usually through various strategies and programmes of change and by applying the latest scientific and technological innovations.

Features:

1) Participation is purely voluntary.

2) It is an informal education i.e. out of school and college.

3) Teacher or extension worker starts with practical first and there after theoretical aspects are to be touched i.e. First Practical theory

4) There is no fixed curriculum or course of study .

5) Farmers study the problems.

6) Authority rests with the Farmers.

7) It is Bi- directional learning means teacher also learns from the farmers during the course of teaching to the farmers.

8) Teaching is also through local leaders or lay- leaders .

9) Teaching is mainly horizontal.

10) Large and heterogeneous audience.

11) It is flexible

12) Freedom to develop programmes locally.

13) It is based on the needs and expressed desires of the people.

14) It is based on the needs and expressed desires of the people.

15)It is more Practical

16) It is continuous education i.e. throughout the life.

Objectives:

There are two dimensions of movement-

1) Fundamental objective - Development of the people

2) In India there are three main objectives of agricultural extension

a) Dissemination of useful and practical information

b) Practical application of useful knowledge. The word "Learning by doing" was coined by "John Dewey " in 1966.

c) To improve all the aspects

Principles:

1) Principle of interest and Need: 

Means it is based on the needs and interests of the people.

2) Principle of cultural difference:

Based on the cultural background of the people.

3) Principle of Participation

4) Principle of Adaptability: 

Extension programmes should be flexible.

5) Grassroot principle of Organisation:

Means programmes fit in with the local conditions so that more and more people would participate.

6) Leadership Principle: 

Programme is based on full utilisation of local leadership.

7) The whole - Family principle:

Means Programme is useful for all the members i. e. Male ,female and youth of the family.

8) Principle of Co- Operation:

Rural people cooperate with their village , block and state officials to pursue a common cause.

9. Principle of Satisfaction:

Satisfaction is the key to success in extension work . A Satisfied customer is the best advertisement.

10.Principle of Evaluation:

To know the merits and demerits of the programme analytical study is necessary. Therefore it needs constant evaluation.

Basic Philosophy of Extension:

1) Self help

2)People are the greatest resource.

3) Programme of change

4) Cooperative effort.

5) Democratic nature means Development of people by the people and for the people

6) Two channel of knowledge and experience:

Problems : are bought to laboratory

Solutions: are taken to farmers / villagers

7) Programme is based on creating interest by seeing and doing 

8) There is voluntarily cooperative participation

9) Persuation and education of people 

10) Programme is based on attitude and values of the people with whom it works

11) It is never ending process.

•Leaening& Teaching in Extension & Communication:

1) Extension is an educational process to bring about desirable changes 

2) Essential role of an extension worker is to create effective learning situations.

3) Essential elements of effective learning are five in number.

a) Teaching Materials and plan 

b) Subject matter 

c) Physical facilities and environment 

d) Teacher or instructor

e) Learner

•Teaching Steps: 

1) Attention ---- 2) Interest ------3) Desire------ 4) Conviction ------ 5) Action ---- 6) Satisfaction

*Summary to remember: AIDCAS

•Adoption Process: 

1. Adoption is an individual matter or phenomenon or behavioral socio- economical phenomenon or mental process.

2) Elements of Adoption process:

a) Innovation

b) Diffusion

c) Motivation

d) Adoption

3. Diffusion is the process between persons

4. Stages of Adoption:

a) Awareness

b) Interest 

c) Evaluation

d) Trial

e) Adoption

5. Categories of Adopters :

There are five groups of Adopters:

a) Innovators:

Such People are called innovators who adopt immediately after getting knowledge.In India innovators constitutes only 2.5 % of the total population.

b) Early Adopters:  

Such people adopt just before adopting the common people and not through the local Leaders and constitute 34% of the total population.

c) Early Majority:

Such people adopt just before adopting the common people and not through the local leaders and constitute 34% of the total population.

d) Late Majority:

Such people adopt after seeing their relatives and neighbours and constitute 34% of the total population.

e) Leggards: Such people adopt in the last and constitute only 16% of the total Indian population.

✍️Miss Agricoss Vaishnavi Nimkar

( Gunji, Dhamangaon railway Amravati)

Mob. No. 7666441799